Procedural violations as a contribution to high-risk accidents Essays

Procedural violations as a contribution to high-risk accidents Essays Procedural violations as a contribution to high-risk accidents Essay Procedural violations as a contribution to high-risk accidents Essay Mason ( 1997 cited in Lawton, 1998, p. 79 ) studies that procedural misdemeanors have been a important contributory factor to 70 % of the entire accidents in bad industries. This is farther illustrated by Walker, et Al. ( 2012 ) where they analysed 108 fatal accidents reported in 2010 and 2011 within oil and gas industry. The survey revealed that unwilled misdemeanors caused 19 % of the human deaths, and knowing misdemeanors caused 15 % of the human deaths. Researches ( Bowonder, 1987 ; Meshkati, 1991 ; Gupta, 2002 ; Chouhan, 2005 ) show that knowing misdemeanors were a conducive cause of Methyl isocyanate ( MIC ) escape in the Bhopal calamity occurred in 1984. Safety critical equipment such as the infrigidation unit to maintain MIC below 5Â °C, blowhole gas scrubber designed to neutralize the toxic release and flair tower designed to fire out extra MIC bluess were non working on the twenty-four hours of the incident ; nevertheless, the production was allowed to go on. Furthermore, the probe of the Texas City refinery detonation revealed that the operators and supervisors were allowed to change, edit, add or take procedural stairss without any proficient reappraisals, and procedural divergences were an acceptable pattern within the works ( MacKenzie, et al. , 2007 ; CSB, 2007 ) . These informations and incident findings provide affirmatory grounds that mistakes and misdemeanors related to the disobedience of processs are still a repeat ing contributory factor in accidents within oil and gas industry. The probe of Laurence ( 2005 ) on the causes of procedural disobedience in Australian mine workers found that some 19 % of the workers thought that the processs lack existent universe apprehension, 18 % that there are excessively many processs to retrieve, 16 % that the processs are excessively complex, 12 % that the processs are non in a field linguistic communication and 10 % that the processs are hapless in footings of content. The recent research of Dahl, et Al. ( 2013 ) among the employees of Norse offshore service vass were besides statistically proved that the procedural conformity depends on the employees’ apprehension of the content of the processs. The findings of Laurence ( 2005 ) and Dahl, et Al. ( 2013 ) were reinforced by Dahl ( 2013 ) in a survey within the crude oil industry and found that entree to the processs, user-friendliness and preparation have direct influence on the procedural conformity. These in bend agencies that the root cause of operators’ mistake and misdemeanors related to the procedural conformity are non merely the duty of an employee, but direction besides have an of import function to guarantee that processs are designed with the human capablenesss and restrictions in head. Research workers have proposed assorted methods to command procedural disobedience. Procedures must qualify the operating bounds and effects that may ensue when diverting from the operating bounds ( Hughes and Kornowa-Weichel, 2004 ) . Management must apportion a capable affair expert to reexamine the processs to guarantee proficient truth and content of the processs before the undertaking executing ( Inaba, et al. , 2004 ) . Levels, system bounds, set points and diagrams to be included in the complex processs to cut down human mistakes. Procedures must qualify the actions to be taken if the parametric quantities are non complied with or out of scope ( Cullan and Anderson, 2005 ) . An every bit important facet is that it is necessary to affect system end-users in the procedural development to cut down human mistakes. The process design must guarantee that process content, layout and presentation comply with the industry best pattern and can be used and understood by end-users, peculiarly in relation to safety critical operations ( Cullen, 2007 ) . By the same item, Bates and Holroyd ( 2012 ) stipulate that latest version of the processs must be easy accessible to shop-floor workers. Agreements must besides be in topographic point for regular reappraisal and update in line with the alteration of work procedure and for supervising systems to verify conformity with processs. It is every bit of import that processs must be in a simple linguistic communication that the operator will easy understand ( Cullen and Anderson, 2005 ; Bates and Holroyd, 2012 ) . Human factors in preparation and competence direction Bettering the competence of employee is cardinal to advance safety consciousness and cut down human mistakes. Inadequate preparation frequently consequences in the deficiency of proficient accomplishment and safety consciousness. The organizational factors like failure to set up preparation system and staff ain factors like hapless attitude to developing frequently produce unqualified employees and human mistakes ( Shi Wenwen, et al. , 2011 ) . To exemplify, the Longford Royal Commission investigated the Esso Longford detonation pointed out that unequal preparation of workers and supervisors was a cause of the accident ( Dawson and Brooks, 1999 ; Barnett, 2006 ; Hopkins, 2000 ) . Additionally, the probe of the British Petroleum ( BP ) Texas City refinery detonation identified that BP failed to guarantee the procedure safety cognition of refinery forces. The over-reliance on BP’s Computer Based Training ( CBT ) caused unequal competence of employees ( Baker, et al. , 2007 ) . It was identified that there were no equal systems in topographic point to pattern managing unnatural state of affairss ( CSB, 2007 ) and for confirmation of the operator cognition and makings ( MacKenzie, et al. , 2007 ) . The findings from these accidents suggest that administrations must hold vigorous competence direction systems in topographic point to forestall human mistakes. There have been inconclusive arguments about the effectivity of different preparation methods within the bad industries. Burke, et Al. ( 2011 ) in a meta-analysis probe conducted within the excavation industry found that extremely participant prosecuting preparation is well more effectual than less prosecuting preparation when risky exposure badness is high. On the contrary, Brahm and Singer ( 2013 ) did non happen a preparation method superior to any other. On the balance, it is sensible to propose that inactive preparation such as CBT must non replace more piquant schoolroom and practical preparation Sessionss within the bad industries. Such determinations must be based on cost-benefit analysis to forestall similar competence issues identified in the BP Texas City accident. Several human factors surveies have appeared in recent old ages documenting the preparation issues. Hughes and Kornowa-Weichel ( 2004 ) insisted the importance of keeping the competence of trainers. Records must maintain of what has been covered in the preparation and what advancement has been made to maintain the path of employees’ competence. Scholars besides suggest that preparation should include a scope of normal and exigency operation scenarios, and should concentrate on safety critical undertakings, and for which there may be spreads in competence ; peculiarly, for undertakings that are infrequently performed and new undertakings introduced ( Cullen, 2007 ; Cullen and Anderson 2005 ) . Ganguly ( 2011 ) indicates that direction should guarantee so much of information are non given to employees in less clip that will be hard to absorb, and employee may non understand to the full about the new occupation. Administrations should besides guarantee that each critical safety processs are supported with preparation to guarantee employees’ conformity ( Bates and Holroyd ; 2012 ) . Smithers ( 2010 ) and Ganguly ( 2011 ) stipulate that systems must be in topographic point for continued and refresher preparation and post-training rating to keep and better the competency of employees to forestall human mistakes. Human factors in hazard appraisal The safety and unity of any procedure works are dependent on the quality of the design. It is non surprising so that proficient design factors and design failures dominate the Process Hazard Analysis ( PHA ) ensuing in less accent on human-related issues ( Kariuki and Lowe, 2007 ) . The survey of Skogdalen and Vinnem ( 2011 ) is an effort to turn to this issue of how the Human and Organisation Factors ( HOFs ) are included and reflected in the Quantitative Risk Assessment ( QRA ) within the Norse Shelf and UK. Skogdalen and Vinnem ( 2011 ) reviewed 15 QRAs for different installings collected from five runing companies. It has been found that five QRAs were covered the proficient and operational hazard decrease factors and no attending were given to HOFs, eight QRAs explained the importance of HOFs to some extent ; nevertheless, the influence of the assessment theoretical account and computations on the system merely explained to a limited extend, two QRAs analysed the HOFs in a structured manner utilizing a criterion method which identified the causes of mistakes and controls and theoretical accounts were adjusted harmonizing to the findings, and none of the QRAs considered HOFs are merely every bit of import as proficient 1s. This seems to formalize the positio n of Kariuki and Lowe ( 2007 ) that less accent is given to human related issues compared to the design factors in the procedure jeopardy analysis surveies. This is farther illustrated in the probe of BP Texas City refinery detonation that the safety direction system of BP failed to guarantee equal designation, hazard appraisal, tracking and rectification of procedure safety jeopardies ( Baker, et al. , 2007 ) . During the past decennary, the integrating of HOFs into the failure chance and hazard appraisal has been loosely researched. The research of Oien ( 2001 ) , Cacciabue ( 2004b ) , Aven, et Al. ( 2006a, 2006b ) , Vinnem, et Al. ( 2008 ) and Noroozi, et Al. ( 2013 ) show a assortment of attacks such as Organizational Risk Influence Model ( ORIM ) , Human Error Risk Management for Engineering Systems ( HERMES ) , Barrier and Operational Risk Analysis ( BORA ) , Operational Control Safety ( OTS ) and Success Likelihood Index Method ( SLIM ) for the effectual execution of HOFs to put on the line appraisal. The cardinal point to observe is that the nucleus of each method is the consideration and appraisal of organizational and human factors such as processs and preparation, occupation design, human-machine interface, undertaking environment, workplace design and operator features ; hence, administrations should look for the most appropriate tool that tantrum or congratulate their bing hazard direction attacks.

Sentence Imitation in English

Sentence Imitation in English In rhetoric and composition studies, sentence imitation is an exercise in which students study a sample sentence and then imitate its structures, supplying their own material. Also known as modeling.   Like sentence combining, sentence imitation offers an alternative to traditional grammar instruction and a way of fostering stylistic dexterity.   Examples and Observations Sentence imitation has a long history. Students imitate the structure of sample sentences with their own content. Usually, this helps extend students repertoire of grammatical structures. Depending on the sample sentences, students can learn how to use appositives, participial phrases, subordinate clauses, or parallel structure (among others) in their writing. They dont have to know the names of the structuresin fact, I started teaching imitation by naming the parts of the sentences (The sentence starts with an infinitive phrase . . .) and just about destroyed my students interest before I learned that they could imitate without naming anything. Once they understood the idea of imitation, they became avid imitators, bringing in sentences for me to use with the class and sharing their imitations generously.(Deborah Dean, Bringing Grammar to Life. International Reading Assoc., 2008) Sample Imitations MODEL SENTENCE: The gallows stood in a small yard, separate from the main grounds of the prison, and overgrown with tall prickly weeds.George Orwell, A Hanging(Write a sentence according to the pattern of the model sentence.)IMITATION: The dog shivered in the background, wet from nosing his way through the early-morning grasses and covered with damp cocklespurs.MODEL SENTENCE: He went through the narrow alley of Temple Bar quickly, muttering to himself that they could go to hell because he was going to have a good night of it.James Joyce, CounterpartsIMITATION: They stood outside on the wet pavement of the terrace, pretending that they had not heard us when we called to them from the library.MODEL SENTENCE: I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.Henry David Thoreau, WaldenIMITATION: I greeted him politely, althoug h I planned to challenge him repeatedly, to assess his erudition, to test whether he could discriminate what was expedient in each situation, and, after I had probed him thoroughly, to announce that we had no place for him in our organization. (Edward P.J. Corbett and Robert J. Connors, Classical Rhetoric for the Modern Student, 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 1999) Finding Model Patterns One effective way of experimenting with various styles and of broadening your store of sentence patterns is to imitate (or mimic) the style of other good writers, writers you respect...The best place to find model patterns is in your reading. The process is simple and enjoyable: pick out sentence structures that you like from the work of professional writers and imitate their patterns, replacing their words and ideas with your own. To assure that you can pick out these patterns accurately, you have to be able to do three things:(Adrienne Robins, The Analytical Writer: A College Rhetoric. Collegiate Press, 1996) Identify the base clause.Identify the additions.Identify the connections between the descriptive parts of the sentence and what they describe. ​​Imitating a Sentence by John Updike Almost anyone can read with pleasure the sentence in which John Updike tells us what it was like to see Ted Williams . . . hit a home run in his last at bat on September 28, 1960: It was in the books while it was still in the sky. . . . How hard is it to write a sentence like Updikes? Well, lets try. What you need is a hinge word that ostensibly separates distinct temporal states, but actually brings them together to the point where there is no temporal distance between them. Here is my (relatively feeble) attempt: It was in my stomach before it was off the shelf. Now, Im not going to make any great claims for my sentence, but I will say that it is a game attempt to approach Updikes art by imitating it, by arranging clauses in somewhat the same way he does in order to achieve a somewhat similar, if decidedly minor, effect. And once you get the hang of itof zeroing in on a form that can then be filled with any number of contentsyou can do it forever. She was enrolled at Harvard before she was conceived. He had won the match before the first serve.(Stanley Fish, How to Write a Sentence and How to Read One. HarperCollins, 2011) R.L. Stevenson on The Sedulous Ape Whenever I read a book or a passage that particularly pleased me, in which a thing was said or an effect rendered with propriety, in which there was either some conspicuous force or some happy distinction in the style, I must sit down at once and set myself to ape that quality. I was unsuccessful, and I knew it; and tried again, and was again unsuccessful and always unsuccessful; but at least in these vain bouts, I got some practice in rhythm, in harmony, in construction and the co-ordination of parts. I have thus played the sedulous ape to Hazlitt, to Lamb, to Wordsworth, to Sir Thomas Browne, to Defoe, to Hawthorne, to Montaigne, to Baudelaire, and to Obermann. . . .Perhaps I hear some one cry out: But this is not the way to be original! It is not; nor is there any way but to be born so. Nor yet, if you are born original, is there anything in this training that shall clip the wings of your originality. There can be none more original than Montaigne, neither could any be more unlike Cicero; yet no craftsman can fail to see how much the one must have tried in his time to imitate the other. Burns is the very type of a prime force in letters: he was of all men the most imitative. Shakespeare himself, the imperial, proceeds directly from a school. It is only from a school that we can expect to have good writers; it is almost invariably from a school that great writers, these lawless exceptions, issue. Nor is there anything here that should astonish the considerate. Before he can tell what cadences he truly prefers, the student should have tried all that are possible; before he can choose and preserve a fitting key of words, he should long have practised the literary scales.(Robert Louis Stevenson, The Sedulous Ape, 1887) Teaching Imitation in Composition (1900) The value of imitation in teaching composition is too often overlooked. . . .The nature of intelligent imitation, its selective nature in choice models, the progressive nature of the model ever becoming more refined, more ideal, could not easily be made more apparent. That so many literary men of originality and genius have made so large use of imitation in the development of their style and method of thought, seems to lend much evidence in favor of a more liberal use of imitation and its methods in other lines of education. The claim has already been made in this paper, and I wish to emphasize it here again, that while imitation in itself is not originality, it is the rational method of developing originality in the individual.(Jasper Newton Deahl, Imitation in Education: Its Nature, Scope and Significance, 1900) Sentence-Imitation Exercises Sentence-Imitation Exercise: Complex SentencesSentence-Imitation Exercise: Compound SentencesSentence-Imitation Exercise: Creating Sentences With CommasSentence-Imitation Exercise: Creating Sentences With Semicolons, Colons, and Dashes

THE REALCO BREADMASTER & A BUMPY ROAD FOR TOYOTA Research Paper

THE REALCO BREADMASTER & A BUMPY ROAD FOR TOYOTA - Research Paper Example Table of master production schedule The forecasted inventory is ideally low whereas the available to promise figures are sparingly low for the first five weeks compared to the last three weeks. It is clear that Realco overpromised customers in the last three weeks of production. From the evidence, there are no products to supply to meet demand. This will eventually lead to high level of customer dissatisfaction as the customers are disappointed in the long run since their orders are not availed. From my point of view, Realco needs to re-evaluate its projection or the total production figures. This influences customer satisfaction and builds strong thrust between the organization and the customers since customers are not disappointed. In almost all organization customer satisfaction is the key to their success (Boston 102). Business organizations have systems, which enhances, close level of communications targeting customers in order to meet customers’ needs and demands. Customers are satisfied and hence the organization meets or maintains its growth target. This is made possible by establishing a strong relationship through networking as a marketing goal. When customers are satisfied, they would have no option but to remain loyal to the organization since all their demands and need are taken care off. This will eventually ensures the organization has a large customer base and has a bigger market share. As a critical success factor, Realco adheres to the needs of the customers. This can only be achieved by ensuring that target projection meets those of the customers. This will not only increase revenue but also improves customer loyalty. Jack’s focus on order promising is truly ideal and strategic. This is because it ensures that customers are not swayed to pick other products from his competitors. By virtue of giving an allowance of one week, ensures that in case of disruption of the production

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 188

Summary - Essay Example When the fair trade movement began in the mid 20th century, its aim was to reduce poverty levels among the poor. The organization has changed names although its aim remains the successful fair trade in goods (Sarah Stanley 1). Fair trade is beneficial to both consumers and producers. However, fair trade faces many problems. For example, a guaranteed market tempts the farmers to produce poor quality coffee and it hurts the consumers. The assessment of problems of fair trade is not well explained. The assessment does not adequately state the successes of fair trade, and this makes it hard to point out its deficiencies. In addition, the assessment does not indicate how it concluded that fair trade does not eliminate child labor but displaces it. One is left wondering whether fair trade has reduced poverty among coffee farmers or not. In addition, how does fair trade manage to secure competitive prices for coffee farmers as opposed to free trade? Fair trade must adapt to new market demands and encourage the producers to improve the quality of their goods. The measures shall help both consumers and producers in the long

Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay Example for Free

Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay The term character can be applied in several ways. It can mean either a physical being, or to their total pattern of behavior. In Chaucers Canterbury Tales, one is used to complement the other. He often uses certain physical characteristics to dictate exactly how the person is going to act*. This is most evident in the Summoners Tale. The Summoner is ugly, with a scary face, but also turns out to have a very ugly personality, between his job, attitudes, and values, which come out through his physical descriptions. **.Chaucers use of physical characteristics is most obvious in the Summoners Tale. The Summoner is a scary sight, but not only because he looks so hideous. He also has a hideous job- a summoner is a kind of religious bounty hunter. He seeks down people that need to do their penances and make sure they do them. He is described as having acne so bad no quicksilver, lead ointment, tartar creams,/ no brimstone, no boracic, so it seems,/ could make a salve to cure his whelks of knobby white. So, when people saw him coming, they would already be repulsed simply by his physical image. However, if they knew who he was, they would also be afraid that he was coming to get them. So, he is scary in more than one way. His behavior is as ugly as his face. Questio quid juris was his tag. The Latin phrase questio quid juris means the question is, what is the point in law? He is supposed to be upholding the Churchs law, but was known to turn his back (for a fee). Finally, he was an extortionist, with a heart as black as his beard. He would learn peoples secrets and then tell them he would tell the Church. They would pay him to keep his mouth shut. Sometimes he even set them up with a girl for wine. Chaucers image of the Summoner with his face on fire helps describe his fiery attitudes, even though it directly refers to his facial features. He is prone to drunken rages, often spouting Latin phrases and arguing with people. In fact, his whole tale is told because he was mad at the Friar for insulting him. He is very argumentative, and vulgar. He tells a crude story about the afterlife of Friars, in revenge for the Friars Tale, as way of prologue into his tale. Even his tale is about a greedy Friar, who is so desperate he looks beneath a sick mans buttocks for something hidden there for secrecy. Upon receiving a loud fart, he is shocked, but what else can  he have expected? According to the Summoner, Friars are greedy and stupid, a very immature attempt to gain revenge on the Friar, demonstrating how vindictive he is. Finally, he does not believe in the traditional values of medieval Christianity, although he is supposed to be one of its proponents. He is described as having a garland set upon his head, leading the reader into believing he is a homosexual. He allows men to commit sins, like adultery, without punishment as long as they paid him. Usually he took his payments in the form of wine, but also accepted cash. Why hed allow -just for a quart of wine- / any good lad to keep a concubine/ a twelvemonth! He was very corrupt, a common theme in Chaucers clergy. By accepting bribes to keep his mouth shut, he was essentially blackmailing the men of the community, instead of telling someone like he was supposed to. As his description says he Sang deep seconds to [the Pardoners] song, a love song. He has a deep voice, and is singing harmony to the Pardoner, suggesting their relationship is more than business related. Homosexuality was almost a sin in the Middle Ages, but for one who was supposed to make other pay for their sins he had a propensity for disregarding them. As he pleased the man could bring duress/ on any young fellow in the diocese/ he knew their secrets, they did what he said. He held them in fear of being cursed, and leave them no hope for salvation, by dangling their sins over their heads. So they must do as he says. A Medieval man is not supposed to cause others harm, but try to help them. In fact, his job was to try to save them by making sure they atoned for their sins and gained entry into heaven. So even by the nature of his job, he isnt holding to traditional values. In conclusion, Chaucer effectively sketched the character of the Summoner, using physical traits to attempt to analyze the underlying traits of the character. The reader can become very familiar with who he is (liar, drinker, extortionist) simply by the way Chaucer describes him physically (ugly, large pimples and boils on his face), even though the image is backed up by the characters own actions (drinking, letting young men commit adultery and other sins).

porcupine :: essays research papers

The word porcupine comes from the Latin words â€Å"porcus spina,† meaning â€Å"pig spines†. The porcupine is a slow-moving, peaceful rodent. They are also vegetarians and mostly nocturnal. Their scientific name, Erethizon, means to "irritate with back." The Porcupine is the second largest of all rodents. It has a small head, large, chunky body with a high arching back and short legs. Its head and body are 25 to 40 inches long, with long, thick, muscular tail growing as long as 8 inches. It weighs from 10 to 40 pounds. Long, yellowish hairs cover the front half of its body while up to 30,000 quills are placed among the dark, coarse hairs of the back and tail. These quills are the most distinguishing characteristic of the Porcupine. Actually modified hairs, the black-tipped, yellowish quills are stiff, barbed spines about 3 inches long that can be easily barbs once embedded in another animals' flesh. The Porcupine's feet have 4 toes on the forefeet and 5 on the hind feet all with long, curved claws and small pads on the bottom. The porcupine's undersides are soft and vulnerable. Porcupine babies are called kittens. The porcupine lives in all the North American desert regions, and the entire west, north to Canada. It lives in wooded areas ,in light marshlands and in deserts. Porcupines are vegetarians. In the Spring they feed on leaves, twigs and green plants. In Winter, they chew through the outer bark of fir, hemlock, aspen and pines trees to eat the tender layer of tissue below. Sometimes, they will completely chew threw, and thus kill, trees. They may also gnaw used ax handles, canoe paddles and other items for the salt and oil they contain. The two large, front gnawing teeth continue to grow as long as the Porcupine lives. When threatened, the North American Porcupine places his snout between his forelegs and spins around presenting its rear to the enemy. If attacked, contrary to popular belief, the Porcupine does not throw its quills; instead, it drives its tail against the assailant and dozens of quills detach easily from the skin to remain embedded in the attacker.

It is right that students should contribute to the cost of their degrees? Essay

The level of education demonstrates how strong a nation is constructed. It represents one of the most important factors which contribute at the process of the development of people from an intellectual and social point of view. More and more students have the opportunity to obtain a degree and to have an appropriate career. In many countries the cost of their degrees are funded by the state, this increasing the number of applicants each year. However, there is not a matter of number, but a matter of quality this being the principal account why students should contribute at the cost of their degrees. The governments should be aware that the effectiveness of education is measured after the number of ambitious, talented students who fulfil their potential. It is obvious that whether the state funds their degrees there exists the admissibility for students not to work so hard and not aiming to affirm within the society. From the psychological point of view, people are inclined not to appreciate enough something for what they do not need to work hard in order to achieve their goals. Whether the states would give a part of this responsibility to students, the perspective from what they understand the issue relating to education is likely to change for better. Many argue that this change would merely be a burden for students during their university years. The account of this is that they should concentrate on studying more than looking for a job to pay their degrees. Moreover, this is going to affect the students from all backgrounds as long as it is well-known that some of them cannot afford to pay large amounts of money for being educated. It might be true that the modification will cannote outcomes, but the benefits are higher. The government should pay attention more to the quality of students than the number of students. Taking into consideration all these outcomes, perhaps the government should act in a way so students concur even with a small amount of money. The apportionment of funds between the state and students will have a positive impact on the economy, being fewer problems relating the spending cuts in education. If not, taking into account that the state has to pay large amounts of money because the costs of obtaining a degree is higher and higher it will affect the way in which a country aims to improve its statute among the nations from all over the world. Likewise, there will be many advantages relating to facilitations. The government will not only pay attention to payment, but to all the needs of students and there will be more investments in necessary materials and equipment. Every state should be aware of the importance of the quality of education and the importance of making significant steps towards the improvement of students’ skills. According to students the right to participate at the cost of their degrees will not only motivate them to make the most of their education but also the economy will improve.

Me and Music Essay

As the earphones filled my ears with wonder I could feel nothing more than the ecstasy I was in. It was as if nothing else in the world mattered. At that time I could feel nothing more than the shadows that covered my heart, but the music I heard inspired me in such a way that no one else could understand the way I felt. I was beautiful, the world was beautiful, and nothing else could possibly be as beautiful as the way I feel. When I stopped the music, I became quiet, the world became quiet, and everything simply stopped. This is the only time I can say that I truly heard music. I used to be very social, very active, like a fish in the gigantic ocean. I used to have lots of friends, and a girlfriend who I was deeply in love with. That love story last for a year. We broke up after a year, when I still loved her so much. I became a silent boy and cut all the connections with friends as same as outside world. It was a hurricane came and almost drowned me and in this violent raging storm and I lost my way. I clung to music as if it was a raft for life, as if it was a key for me to make it up living in this world. Somehow it worked. Not just worked, but worked well. After a long summer †¦ I came back to school. It was my first day at school and I all I can remember was the first moment I put on my headphones and pressed play on my blue Sony Walkman, which later became my joy. The album playing was â€Å"Crush† by Bon Jovi and each song became instantly carved into my memory. It felt like it was a whole new world and I finally opened my eyes and just stepped into this fantasy world and everything else around me lost its importance. It was a feeling that just took everything that was wrong, messed up, confusing and painful inside of me and transformed it into something that I knew for the first time was right. The pain was still there but I found a way to just keep in check so that no one else would have to ask me these dreadful questions that brought me so much pain every time I heard â€Å"Are you OK?† and â€Å"Do you want to talk?†. I knew that there was something wrong when other people think about me as a quiet guy who doesn’t have any friends and listens to music all the time. To be honest, I have friends, but just about 2, or 3. I didn’t feel like making new friends at school and I prefer to find some form of happiness from music no matter how little it was. Music came to me not only as a form of relief, but it’s a way for me to express something, maybe not to other people, but to myself. It showed me that I still have personal feelings, and that I was even remotely normal. Back to school, me alone and music, I felt its ok; it’s going to be ok, at first. But just by the end of the day, when I got home, alone, thinking about other people at school, enjoy with their friends, I realized that music wasn’t going to be able to be my life raft so I clung to something, what some consider dark and fed off this darkness. I need friends in my life. I need friends to cheer up my gloomy life. I just want to be like them, like other people who got friends. As the days, weeks and months went on that I talked and gained new friends, I found that my life boat was becoming less and less needed as people were finally starting to accept me for me. The darkness and pain are still there, locked up deep inside where no one can hear there violent screams but now I know that I have more than just my music and lifeboat because when another storm comes, I have others who can help me survive.

An Explanation of the Natural Wrist and Hand Posture

An Explanation of the Natural Wrist and Hand Posture Ergonomics is the process and study of peoples efficiency in their workplaces and environments. The term ergonomics comes from the Greek word ergon, which translates to work, while  the second part,  nomoi,  means natural laws. The process of ergonomics involves designing products and systems that best fit those using them. People are at the heart of this human factors based work, which is a science that has a mission to understand the human ability and its limitations. The main goal in ergonomics is to minimize the risk of injury or harm to people. Human Factors and Ergonomics Human factors and ergonomics are often combined into one principle or category, known as HFE. This practice has been researched in many fields such as psychology, engineering, and biomechanics. Examples of ergonomics include the design of safe furniture and easily used machines to prevent injuries and disorders like physical strain, which can lead to disability. The categories of ergonomics are physical, cognitive, and organizational. Physical ergonomics focuses on human anatomy and physical activity and looks to prevent illnesses such as arthritis, carpal tunnel, and musculoskeletal disorder. Cognitive ergonomics is involved with mental processes like perception, memory, and reasoning. For example, decision making and work stress can relate to interactions with a computer. Organizational ergonomics, on the other hand, focuses on structures and policies within work systems. Teamwork, management, and communication are all forms of organizational ergonomics. The Natural Wrist Position in Ergonomics The natural wrist position in the field of ergonomics is the posture  the wrist and hand assume when at rest. The upright position of the hand, like that of the handshake grip, is not a neutral position. When using a computer mouse, for example, the aforementioned position can be harmful. Rather, the position to adopt should be that of when the hand is at rest.  The wrist should also be at a neutral position and should not be bent or tilted. For best results for both your hand and whats happening on the computer screen, finger joints should be placed mid-position with muscles being only slightly stretched. Doctors and professionals assess designs on how to use products, like a mouse, in comparison to the neutral position, in order to meet a standard requirement  that considers the joint motion, physical restrictions, the range of movement, and more. The natural wrist position when at rest is characterized by the following: A straight, unbroken wristThe hand rotated to a relaxed position (30-60 degrees)The fingers curled and at restThe thumb straight and relaxed How the Natural Wrist Position Is Defined Medical professionals have decided on these characteristics as the defining points of the neutral position of the hand  from a functional perspective. For example, consider the mechanics behind placing a hand in a cast when injured.  Doctors place the hand in this neutral position, as it brings the least tension to the muscles and tendons of the hand. It is also in this position due to functional efficiency upon cast removal, as according to biomechanics.

Red Supergiants are the Largest Stars in the Universe

Red Supergiants are the Largest Stars in the Universe Red supergiants are among the largest stars in the sky. They dont start out that way, but as different kinds of stars age, they undergo changes that make them big...and red. Its all part of star life and star death.   Defining Red Supergiants   When astronomers look at the largest stars  (by volume) in the universe, they see a great many red supergiants. However, these behemoths are not necessarily- and almost never are- the largest stars by mass. It turns out theyre a late stage of a stars existence and they dont always fade away quietly.   Creating a Red Supergiant How do red supergiants form? To understand what they are, its important to know how stars change over time. Stars go through specific steps throughout their lives. The changes they experience are called stellar evolution. It starts with star formation and youthful star-hood. After they are born in a cloud of gas and dust, and then ignite hydrogen fusion in their cores, stars usually live on something astronomers call the main sequence.  During this period, they are in hydrostatic equilibrium. That means the nuclear fusion  in their cores (where they fuse hydrogen to create helium) provides enough energy and pressure to keep the weight of their outer layers from collapsing inwards. When Massive Stars Become Red Supergiants A high-mass star (many times more massive than the Sun) goes through a similar, but a slightly different process. It changes more drastically than its sun-like siblings and becomes a red supergiant.  Because of its higher mass, when the core collapses after the hydrogen burning phase the rapidly increased temperature leads to the fusion of helium very quickly. The rate of helium fusion goes into overdrive, and that destabilizes the star. A huge amount of energy pushes the outer layers of the star outwards and it turns into a red supergiant. At this stage, the gravitational force of the star is once again balanced by the immense outward radiation pressure caused by the intense helium fusion taking place in the core. The star that transforms into a red supergiant does so at a cost. It loses a large percentage of its mass out to space. As a result, while red supergiants are counted as the largest stars in the universe, they are not the most massive because they lose mass as they age, even as they expand outward. Properties of Red Supergiants Red supergiants look red because of their low surface temperatures. They range from about 3,500 - 4,500 Kelvin. According to Wiens law, the color at which a star radiates most strongly is directly related to its surface temperature. So,  while their cores are extremely hot, the energy spreads out over the interior and surface of the star and the more surface area there is, the faster it can cool. A good example of a red supergiant is the star Betelgeuse, in the constellation Orion. Most stars of this type are between 200 and 800 times the radius of our Sun. The very largest stars in our galaxy, all red supergiants, are about 1,500 times the size of our home star.  Because of their immense size and mass, these stars require an incredible amount of energy to sustain them and prevent gravitational collapse. As a result, they burn through their nuclear fuel very quickly and most live only a few tens of millions of years (their age depends on their actual mass). Other Types of Supergiants While red supergiants are the largest types of stars, there are other types of supergiant stars. In fact, it is common for high mass stars, once their fusion process passes beyond hydrogen, that they oscillate back and forth between different forms of supergiants. Specifically becoming yellow supergiants on their way to becoming blue supergiants and back again. Hypergiants The most massive of supergiant stars are known as hypergiants. However, these stars have a very loose definition, they are usually just red (or sometimes blue) supergiant stars that are the highest order: the most massive and the largest. The Death of a Red Supergiant Star A very high-mass star will oscillate between different supergiant stages as it fuses heavier and heavier elements in its core. Eventually, it will exhaust all its nuclear fuel that runs the star. When that happens, gravity wins.  At that point, the core is primarily iron (which takes more energy to fuse than the star has) and the core can no longer sustain outward radiation pressure, and it begins to collapse. The subsequent cascade of events leads, eventually to a Type II supernova event. Left behind will be the core of the star, having been compressed due to the immense gravitational pressure into a neutron star; or in the cases of the most massive of stars, a black hole  is created. How Solar-type Stars Evolve People always want to know if the Sun will become a red supergiant. For stars about the size of the Sun (or smaller), the answer is no. They do go through a red giant phase, though, and it looks pretty familiar. When they begin to run out of  hydrogen fuel their cores begin to collapse. That raises the core temperature quite a bit, which means theres more energy generated to escape the core. That process pushes the outer part of the star outward, forming a  red giant. At that point, a star is said to have moved off the main sequence.   The star chugs along with the core getting hotter and hotter, and eventually, it begins to fuse helium into carbon and oxygen. During all this time, the star loses mass. It puffs off layers of its outer atmosphere into clouds that surround the star. Eventually, whats left of the star shrinks to become a slowly cooling white dwarf. The cloud of material around it is a called a planetary nebula, and it gradually dissipates. This is a far more gentle death than massive stars discussed above experience when they explode as supernovae.   Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Questionnaire - Benefit GCC become Common currency Essay - 1

Questionnaire - Benefit GCC become Common currency - Essay Example The findings of the study reveal that majority of the participants were between 26 to 35 years 40 percent of the population). 21 percent of the population was between the ages 36 to 45 years, 19 percent were between the age group less than 25 years and 10 percent were between the age group 46 to 55 years and over 55 years. The qualification/ highest education of the participants was asked. The results show that most of respondents were university graduated 56 percent of them were bachelors, 12 percent PhD 15 percent were masters. However, the respondents with graduated high school were only 4 percent. Hence, it can be noted that the most of the participants were education and qualified degrees. The statistical findings reveal 75 percent of the participants were UAE national, whereas on 13 percent wee gulf national and 12 percent was non-Arab national. Hence, it can be noted that the majority of the respondents were UAE nationals. On the basis of the results obtained it can be majority of the respondents disagreed that he increase in the oil revenues will welcome the idea for GCC countries to have a common currency union (mean value 13). Moreover, it can be noted that the dispersion in the data was relatively low that indicates that the responses were more inclined towards disagreement of the idea. It is because the increase in the oil revenue will separately improve overall economic performance of the country due to which there is not a significant reason for the GCC countries to unite and establish common currency union. Furthermore, it was also investigated if the GCC countries are ready to establish separate currency the outcomes of the study highlights that the majority of the respondents disagreed and strongly disagreed to establish GCC currency union. However, the STD of 8.9 indicates that there has been a great dispersion in the data that means that the respondent’s opinion greatly